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Additionally, in specific circumstances air can be used as a contrast agent for the gastrointestinal system and carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the venous system in these cases, the contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than the surrounding tissues. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities (tumors, cysts, inflammation) more conspicuous. These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-ray radiation, and in conjunction with the real-time imaging allows demonstration of dynamic processes, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, is given by oral, rectal, intra-arterial or intravenous routes. Barium sulfate (BaSO 4) is given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Two radiocontrast agents are presently in common use.
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Radiocontrast agents are usually administered by swallowing or injection into the body of the patient to delineate anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the genitourinary system, or the gastrointestinal tract. :26 This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast agent. Fluoroscopyįluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system. Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to other modalities, radiography is often the first-line test of choice in radiologic diagnosis. Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available during the first 50 years of radiology. Now replacing Film-Screen radiography is Digital Radiography (DR), in which x-rays strike a plate of sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information and an image that is displayed on a computer screen. The film is then developed chemically and an image appears on the film. The x-rays that pass through the patient are filtered by placing a device called x-ray filter, made of aluminium to reduce scatter and noise, and strike an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a light-tight cassette. In Film-Screen radiography, an x-ray tube generates a beam of x-rays which is aimed at the patient. The original - and a still common imaging procedure uses silver-impregnated films. A capture device then converts x-rays into visible light which then forms an image for review and diagnosis. Radiographs (or roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of x-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) are produced by transmitting x-rays through a patient.